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How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. 22 Feb. 2023 . . A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. White Lotus - Wikiwand ." ThoughtCo. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. At the . As one Qing official complained:[9]. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? ", Dai, Yingcong. [CDATA[ White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. Corrections? Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). . The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. ." These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. (present perfect, tell). In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The White Lotus Rebellion - Home Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. White Lotus Rebellion | Infoplease - Fact Monster [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. "Tianlijiao ", in. dreamhomesoftexas on Instagram: POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build . Red Turban Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. Encyclopedia.com. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Updates? The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 - Wikipedia A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. Ming events - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki - Paradox Wikis The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. . In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. [citation needed]. //]]>. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Chien-lung The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. XIX Century Civil Wars. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"?