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We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. The three faces of racism | Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. Sandy was using_______ processing. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. 0000001035 00000 n Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY In groupthink, members of the group______. In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. Hum. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. Retrieved Mar 04, 2023 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable endobj If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. if( window.canRunAds === undefined ){ The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? Yet no one calls the police. The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. I hope you did enjoy it. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. startxref %PDF-1.7 % Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. Festinger & Carlsmith Cognitive dissonance consequences of forced Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. hbbd``b` H? The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. Nicole will probably experience. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. (Goleman, 1991). Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. /Text The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). 0000013918 00000 n (p.47). the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. There is another possible way, however. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. 2018 12 5 1544039025 | Free Essay Examples | EssaySauce.com D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. Cite details from the essay that support your response. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? Please sign in to share these flashcards. in order to reduce dissonance. In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. 0000010779 00000 n Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. ---------------------References: In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. endobj At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." Some have already been discussed. B. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. 0000012870 00000 n He must be a genius." From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. Selena has just used the, Changing ones behavior due to a direct order of an authority figure is referred to as. A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. Vince's behavior is an example of. }. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. Social Psychology (Chapter 4) Flashcards | Quizlet This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. 1. In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______. This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. 5. The hour which the S spent working on the repetitive, monotonous tasks was intended to provide, for each S uniformly, an experience about which he would have a somewhat negative opinion. Festinger, L. (1957). Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? 47 14 The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. 0000000015 00000 n He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. His data, however did not support this idea. How Much They Learned From the Experiment. The ratings were of course done in ignorance of which condition each S was in. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. ] 52 0 obj Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? $K{.-hC ;{l8S That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. 0000001089 00000 n This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? Instead the opposite happened. Procedure - Festinger and Carlsmith Study This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. Social Psychology 309 Multiple Choice for Final Exam - Quizlet In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. Half of the Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). DISCUSSION. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. 3. If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." But Nicole's mom was so excited, Nicole couldn't bear to disappoint her. Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. by meredith_davis9, When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. "I didn't like the sermon at all today. Some have already been discussed. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. 4. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. This is an example of_______ cause. 2. Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. /Info 46 0 R <> A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. endobj This has many practical implications. Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of, Gene keeps Roger's cat while Roger is out of town. A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________. GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU 0000000658 00000 n (p.3). They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. This has many practical implications. The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? Dr. Nekita Fuller The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. Their prediction provedcorrect. Like Explorable? 0 The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping? The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. . In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. Don't see what you need? Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. 49 0 obj In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? >> Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. correct. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. 1 They were told that the study aims to evaluate these experiments to help them improve these in the future. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less 47 0 obj JANIS, I.L. The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. Rating scale 0 to 10. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. Or is there something more nuanced at play? Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? 3. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss.